This report was prepared by the team led by Milan Vodopivec, Senior Economist (SASHD), based on background papers or contributions by Nisha Arunatilake (statistics on labor market outcomes and trends, analysis of the informal sector); Harsha Aturupane (inputs on sections on education and training); Ramani Gunatilaka (chapter on social safety nets, and sections on microfinance and analysis of wages); Dileni Gunewardena (background paper on of risks, vulnerability, and social safety nets), Rasmus Heltberg (conceptualization of the approach, analysis of wages), Siryani Hullugalle (microfinance), Ambar Narayan (analysis of poverty), Kumari Navaratne (reproductive health indicators), Robert Palacios (chapter on social insurance), Rasika Ranasinghe (intergenerational schooling mobility, analysis of growth, poverty and vulnerability), D.G. Harendra de Silva (child malnutrition), and Princess Ventura (civil service employment). The report was prepared under the overall guidance of Julian Schweitzer (Sector Director, SASHD), Mansoora Rashid (Sector Manager, Social Protection, SASHD), and Peter Harrold (Country Director, Sri Lanka). The team benefited from comments at the concept note stage from Carlo del Ninno (HDNSP) and Stefano Scarpetta (HDNSP) and information obtained from the Ministry of Labor and Foreign Employment, as well as from valuable comments by Ihsan Ajwad, Christine Allison, Rocio Castro, Nina Kataya, Esperanza Lasagabaster, Philip O