The report examines the consequences, both positive and negative, of the impending urban growth that will occur rapidly in the 21st century. The report states that the potential benefits of urbanisation can outweigh the disadvantages, if the negative challenges posed by poverty, slum growth and social disruption are properly tackled. Solutions for overcoming the immediate social and environmental problems of urbanisation have been explored in this regard. However, the report does not look at the current problems alone. It grapples with the implications of rapid future urbanisation as well, and discusses basic approaches and policy initiatives that may be taken to prepare for this massive increase. It specifically examines the consequences of the urban transition for poverty reduction and sustainability. The report sends out a powerful message suggesting that the future of humanity itself depends on the decisions made currently in preparation for this growth. Therefore, urban and national governments, civil society and international organisations must unite in their decisions to make the difference.