This report considers the impact that Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) have had on current poverty, education, health, and nutrition outcomes. It draws heavily on a large number of carefully constructed impact evaluations of CCT programs. The CCT programs studied in this report span a range of low- and middle- income countries; large and small programmes; and those that work at local, regional, and national levels. Although there are important differences between countries and regions in how CCTs are used, they all share one defining characteristic: they transfer cash while asking beneficiaries to make pre-specified investments in child education and health.