This report discusses priorities for government action across five youth transitions that shape young people’s human capital in learning, working, staying healthy, forming families, and exercising citizenship. These priorities vary among countries. This report highlights three methods that help assess these priorities by expanding opportunities, enhancing capabilities, and providing second chances. There has never been a better time to invest in young people in developing countries. Today’s young people are the next generation of workers, entrepreneurs, parents, active citizens and leaders who have relatively few dependents because of lower birth rates. This report promotes the idea that countries need to seize this window of opportunity to invest in the future before the aging process closes it.